Adaptation After Helene

We have all learned a great deal about surviving and adapting. Going without running water for 30+ days made everyone stop and consider basic needs that had been taken for granted. As people were accounted for and safety assured, we began to adapt to the new normal for our careers and the natural environment. Since the storm, there continues to be a greater awareness and concern for forests and streams. There wasn’t necessarily a lack of awareness prior to Helene–but like other basic needs, we often take our natural resources for granted, thinking little about what it takes to maintain them. A year in, we have learned much in our continued search for solutions.

The amount of trees on the ground is astonishing. Daily commutes reveal the challenges facing landowners with downed trees in hard-to-access areas. This past spring put lipstick on the pig of jumbled timber, but leaf off will reveal what we already know: there is an unusual amount of timber on the ground that will impact forestry decisions for the next decade. So, what should we do about it?

ACCESS

You cannot assess damage or work in an area that you can’t get to. This includes old logging roads and trails that are normal vectors for non-native invasive species. Opening these areas will improve fire breaks and allow professionals to properly care for disturbed areas. Though thousands of acres will simply let nature heal over time, consideration should be given to the amount of fuel on the ground and the impacts on regeneration.

INVASIVES RESPONSE

New plants and trees will quickly take over this new growing space. Those best adapted for growing quickly will win, unless we play favorites. Invasive plants and trees provide little benefit for wildlife and can quickly reduce biodiversity. Many will need to be tolerated as there is just too much. However, we can focus on those most dangerous to forests, like Bittersweet, which can strangle and topple trees. If you have trees down, being aware of what else is there puts you on the proper path.

REGENERATION

What comes back? After the demise of the American Chestnut (25% of the canopy), species that were well represented took advantage of the new space. Similarly, what comes back now will depend on what is there now. Planning is needed to account for the difficulties regenerating oaks and the impact of having thousands of downed trees in productive forests. In areas of extreme disturbance and landslides, getting new plants established is paramount.

Each season will provide more data on future forest health. Our goal is to continue our assessment of the region’s forests and adapt to improve forest resilience. We anticipate the recovery of our forests from Helene to define the next ten years of EcoForesters’ work. Education is a core value of our mission, so sharing our findings with the public will continue. Please reach out to us if we can help you plan and adapt for your future forest.

UPCOMING FUNDING: NC DISASTER BLOCK GRANT FOR HELENE TIMBER LOSSES

A new program is being developed by the NC Forest Service that will help private landowners who experienced timber losses from Helene. Forest owners who had more than 25% of merchantable trees (defined as >12″ in diameter) damaged on at least 10 acres can receive partial compensation for lost timber value. In order to get funds approved, a forester must assess the property. More details about this program, including which landowners qualify, should be released by the end of the year. EcoForesters will continue to update landowners as more information becomes available.

How it all Started

By Rob Lamb – EcoForesters Founder

After 10 years of creativity, vision, and dedication, it is time to reflect and celebrate EcoForesters’ 10th birthday! Thanks to the hard work of our staff and board–and the incredible support we’ve received from donors, landowners, and conservation partners–EcoForesters has become an innovative leader in forest conservation and restoration. I hope this article provides a deeper understanding of why EF is an essential organization that needs your ongoing support to achieve our mission. In 2026, we will roll out our vision for the next 10 years of EF’s work. If you’re impressed with what we’ve done so far…you ain’t seen nothing yet!

Appalachian Forests: Amazing and Integral

Appalachian forests are, without a doubt, among the world’s greatest natural resources. Among the oldest mountain chains in the world, our forests are a spectacular life force of green, harboring abundant wildlife and intense biodiversity, deep nutrient-rich soils, a massive source of clean and cool air, and abundant crystal clear water. Appalachian forests and harvested wood products store the equivalent of 19 years of all CO2 emissions produced across the states. Nearly 10,000 species are known to inhabit the Southern Appalachian region alone, and it hosts the highest aquatic biodiversity in North America.  

Appalachian forests are the playground for millions, leading to billions of dollars in tourism and outdoor recreation, while the Appalachian forest products industry is another multi-billion-dollar business. Millions of jobs depend on a vibrant and sustainable Appalachian forest. In addition to being a main source of our income, they literally provide us with the air, water, food, and shelter we need to survive. 

Putting the importance of our forests into view provides perspective on the value of EcoForesters’ mission. Sustaining our forests is foundational and essential for our very survival. The work EcoForesters does each and every day, thanks to your support, helps sustain us and future generations. 

Why I Started EcoForesters

From a young age, I was able to develop a personal relationship and appreciation for these forests. What started with family backpacking trips in the North Georgia mountains ultimately led to a 2,000-mile thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail in 2001, a master’s degree in forestry in 2005, and the start of a forestry career in Western North Carolina in 2006. Until 2014, I worked as a forestry consultant for hundreds of landowners, visiting tens of thousands of acres. There, I learned firsthand the untold story of Appalachian forest degradation beneath the green forest canopy.

It is easy to take Appalachian forests for granted. They’ve always been there, and any changes typically happen slowly and can be virtually imperceptible to us in our busy lives. But to understand trees and forests, we have to think in terms of decades and even centuries. Taking this into perspective, our forests have been resilient against massive assaults at our hands. Appalachian forests today bear the scars of mass clear-cutting at the turn of the 20th century, a legacy of high-grading and industrial forestry over the past 70 years, the introduction and spread of exotic invasive plants and diseases that have wiped out integral tree species and halted forest regeneration, and urban sprawl that fragments forests into more edge habitat of diminished health. An early EcoForesters employee coined a common saying amongst our staff these days: “Just because it’s green, doesn’t mean it’s healthy.” While each individual patch of forestland may still be full of life, when looking at Appalachian forests at a large scale of space and time, we see that our forest is losing its capacity to regenerate itself and is providing diminished benefits in wildlife habitat, biodiversity, clean air, and clean water. 

I became keenly aware of this reality while working as a forestry consultant for nearly 10 years. Time and time again, I saw degraded forests at risk of regenerative failure from past abuse and invasive plants and insects. I came to understand that both the prevailing conservation mindset of preservation, as well as the for-profit forestry model, were failing forests and landowners alike, inadequately structured to meet their needs. Small private landowners own approximately 70% of Appalachian forests, yet without appropriate public and professional support, their forestland (and the forests everyone depends on for clean air and clean water) will continue to degrade.

The days of standing by and letting “nature take its course” would not provide the outcomes we need to survive. Likewise, looking at our forests for short-term profit from forest products would continue to degrade them. Rather, we needed to invest in the restoration of forestland. We must engage as active stewards of our forests and restore forestland, acre by acre, working landowner by landowner, so that forests can regain their capacity to maximize ecological benefits for all.

The solution: a non-profit professional forestry organization with a forest conservation and restoration mission, a mission aligned with the goals of so many landowners who desire to sustainably steward their land. While there were some conservation non-profits that advocated for good forestry, few were staffed with expertise in forest management, and none were actually capable of doing the work. With no proven model for success, starting this organization would be pioneering a new, yet essential path for the future of our forests; so nearly 10 years ago, I founded EcoForesters.

EcoForesters: Years 1-10

Ten years later, I think it’s safe to say that EcoForesters has been a tremendous success. Our success has not been linear, and while we’ve had our ups and downs, our overall growth and impact have been exponential. Our staff and subsequent impact have doubled roughly every 2 years. The results: long-term stewardship care on over 250,000 acres and with over 600 landowners, over 10,000 landowners engaged via outreach or direct consultation, invasive species controlled, and forest restoration on over 3,000 acres (including over 500 acres on permanently protected conservation lands), and a staff that has grown from 2 in 2015 to 26 in 2025.

Having multiple funding sources helps increase our stability and impact. EcoForesters channels private donations towards landscape restoration planning, stewardship on permanently protected land, and our outreach and education programs, while our direct forest stewardship work is funded by a combination of grants and investment from forest landowners themselves.  When you look closely at the relative investment of funds, our impact is even more impressive. For example, $250 would help us reach over 500 landowners, conduct stewardship planning on 10 acres, or invasive plant control on 1 acre. While permanently protecting land is an important part of overall conservation, the vast majority of forestland remains in the hands of private landowners. If conservation funding isn’t adequately channeled to this land base, then the risk to the future of our forests will substantially increase.

Much of forest conservation funding today is funneled towards reducing climate change and increasing ecosystem services. Here too, EcoForesters has an outsized impact. Through internal studies and forest growth modeling, we’ve found that over 10-30 years, forests where we’ve controlled invasive plants sequester 1 additional metric ton of carbon dioxide per acre per year than if the same forest had gone untreated. So far, the work of our forest restoration crew has led to an additional 3,000 tons per year of carbon sequestration, a number that will greatly increase in the years to come as we continue our work. Our sustainable forest management practices that mimic natural processes, promote species diversity, and retain healthier trees also lead to significantly more carbon storage. While there is currently no carbon offset market that sufficiently incentivizes landowners for this kind of work, EF is working with landowners to do the work anyway, leading to real additional carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. 

After 10 years, EcoForesters has proven it is a model organization that can sustainably grow and replicate to positively impact forests at a landscape scale, demonstrating the essential path we must take to sustain forests and the benefits that forests provide. Over the years, our effectiveness has been increasingly recognized by countless landowners, public and private conservation partners, and significant funding opportunities. As a result, EcoForesters in 2025 is a rapidly growing organization that is highly effective in leveraging available resources to achieve the greatest impact towards its mission. 

Join EcoForesters for the next 10 years and beyond

The next 10 years are of outsized importance in determining the future of our planet. No individual conservationist, organization, or government is going to make the difference in stemming the impact of climate change and conserving forests, biodiversity, clean water, and wildlife for future generations. It will undoubtedly be a group effort. What I can say with the utmost confidence is that EcoForesters is a key cog towards achieving local and global conservation goals. As we celebrate our 10th birthday, our work is just beginning, and we are positioned to replicate our model and extend conservation and stewardship to make what we’ve achieved so far seem like a drop in the bucket. 

Our staff works tirelessly because they understand the importance of our work. If you are reading this article, you also understand and are committed to EF’s work. And for those that don’t yet know about EF, they are also a part of our greater forest ecosystem. The question is: how will we proceed? Can we sustain our forests and the benefits they provide? The answer: we can and will sustain our forests, and we will do it using EcoForesters as a model. We have a plan for the next 10 years, and it depends on your support! What part will YOU play in sustaining our forests?

The Right Place at the Right Time

EcoForesters was created for this moment. Our staff is made up of seasoned natural resource professionals who understand the challenges and risks facing the region’s forests. We have identified who needs help and how to help them. We now need your help to put proven outcomes into further action because we are in the right place at the right time.

This newsletter should help you understand what we are up against in response to Helene. Our goal is always to empower landowners to do what they can in support of their forest. But many of the challenges laid out are beyond that goal and will require professional expertise to assess, plan and put into action. Prior to Helene, money was the number one reason that landowners chose inaction and it has only been magnified by this great disturbance.

Our work is funded through a combination of private donations, federal grants, fee for service work and foundations. The current federal funding is no longer reliable, so we will need to make up that difference through our other sources of funding. We also recognize the need to create new funding mechanisms for rural landowners who are either land rich/cash poor or lack the disposable income needed to restore their forests. This landowner base is critical to keeping forests forested and the many benefits like plentiful clean water on the landscape.

We ask that you support our work through a donation of time or talent and share with your friends and family the importance of our mission. The next five years will be spent restoring forests and keeping them resilient in the face of future challenges. Please help us by becoming a member today.

Wildlife Habitat

  • Leave some downed debris on your property (as long as it is further than 30 feet from any structures) to serve as wildlife habitat
  • Manage non-native invasive species in clearings to help promote native plants
  • Plant valuable trees for wildlife such as oaks and chestnuts

Stream erosion/stabilization

  • Plant native, fast-growing grasses (such as annual rye) on bare soil to prevent further erosion
    • In the future, replant these areas with native seeds and woody plants to stabilize them further
  • Livestake with coconut fiber matting to help prevent stream bank erosion

Wildfire/Controlled Fire

  • Implement FireWise practices around your home
    • Clear all downed wood at least 30 feet away from any structures (or further, if your home is on a slope)
    • Consider moving large woody material (over a foot in diameter) up to 100 feet away.
  • Adopt fire-resistant landscaping practices, such as selecting plants with low flammability characteristics
    • Learn more at content.ces.ncsu.edu/fire-resistant-landscaping-in-north-carolina

Invasive Species

  • Learn how to identify non-native invasive plants and tell them apart from native lookalikes
  • Learn and implement common control methods for the species present on your land
  • Landscape with native plants and control NNIS near important native species (such as oaks)
  • For larger infestations, you can get an assessment of NNIS on your property. Contact EcoForesters (info@ecoforesters.org or 828-484-6842) for more information!

An Introduction to Understanding Stream Recover From Flood Events

Ecoforesters has done amazing things to help streams recover on my projects at Wildlands Engineering. They have helped reduce invasive species pressure on riparian reforestation, an important step in stream and wetland mitigation projects. Reforestation supports the goal of maintaining shaded streams and stable banks. Our projects enjoy reasonable funding and benefit from the input of a diverse group of professionals through the phases of planning, design, implementation, and maintenance. For landowners of working lands in agriculture or forestry, resources for stream management can be more constrained and streams can present significant management challenges, especially in the aftermath of Hurricane Helene. Streams are resilient, but recovery takes time. 

Rather than try to address frequently asked questions on stream recovery the goal of this article is to establish a stronger base of understanding in dealing with streams and to offer guiding principles that can help landowners to evaluate and plan future projects, along with providing some resources to further your understanding and learn more.

Understanding Your Stream:

The first guiding principle is to spend time understanding and assessing your stream’s characteristics. Streamstats (https://streamstats.usgs.gov/ss/) will delineate your watershed and provide a report on the land area and land uses that drain to your stream. Using regionally collected “bankfull” geometry data, it will also predict the typical width, depth, area, and range of flows you may anticipate on your stream. (A .kmz file can be downloaded and opened in Google Earth as one option for visualizing the watershed draining to your stream). Other websites, such as NC OneMap, provide aerial photography (https://www.nconemap.gov/pages/imagery) and topographic information from high-quality Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) (https://www.nconemap.gov/pages/elevation). NCDOT has historic aerial photography of high quality that can be used to understand historical conditions (https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?webmap=91e02b76dce4470ebd7ec240ad202a04). Streams also behave and function differently based on their landscape position and the shape of their valley. Understanding your watershed, natural stream geometry estimates, and the land use history provides a basis for evaluating existing conditions and management actions.

Learn Your Steams History:

Historically, streams and watersheds have been highly manipulated. Watersheds were clearcut in the late 1800s and early 1900s in Appalachia. Many streams were either relocated to the side wall of the valley or straightened into ditches to improve drainage and expand agricultural production. These legacy activities set the stage for how channels respond to flooding today.

For example, streams confined by berms or deepened through ditching or erosion will accelerate their downcutting. This reduction in floodplain access means ever-increasing stress on the channel, causing larger and more material to mobilize during high flows and accelerating the erosion cycle. Eventually, the channel banks collapse, and the channel widens, working towards forming a new floodplain at a lower base stream level.

Stream downcutting propagates through a process called head cutting. This form of erosion occurs from downstream to upstream, lowering the channel, which can increase streambank heights and threaten crossings. Advancing headcuts pose a risk to the upstream channel and understanding when these exist is an important part of evaluating future risk. Observing streams in less disturbed settings can help you understand current conditions and evaluate potential uplift or management strategies.

Define Your Role:

Finally, when considering your role in stream recovery, it’s important to align your actions with your goals. Stream restoration professionals often employ a pyramid framework for improving parts of the stream system that they can more readily influence – often the physical, hydraulic, geomorphic or physicochemical conditions. The pyramid is influenced by geological factors and climate which drive the hydrology of streams, along with land use. (https://stream-mechanics.com/stream-functions-pyramid-framework/)

The resources presented here can help you make sense of your role and improve the basis for your decision making. The problems themselves will be much more complicated and will require tough decisions and likely a prioritization of efforts based on available resources and viable options. I encourage you to talk to people in the community that work in stream and watershed management professionally who may help educate and guide you with how to approach problems and what options you may wish to consider. Try to be open to the possibility that the long game may be the most effective. Remember, streams are a common resource and by positively influencing your stream, you are helping your neighbors to reduce flooding or sedimentation or enhance fisheries and aquatic life on their land. Also, it is understandable that at times expediency and cost will drive your decisions. Try to consider what you can do today, this year, this decade and in your lifetime. Additionally, sometimes engineered solutions can only go so far and management solutions that require sacrifice are the only thing that can further influence outcomes. 

Actions that consider increasing flood frequency due to climate change, the nature of streams and their need to access floodplains to function properly, and the influence of land use on hydrology as well as the influence of prior manipulation on current stream behavior will have greater long-term success.

Wreckage to Renewal

Overnight, the buds have started bursting. Spring has a special knack for enlivening the mood, regardless of the year and what it’s held. For the past six months we have been living amongst the wreckage of Helene, watching the constant stream of debris being pulled from our waterways while there is a steady hum from chainsaws clearing hazard trees. From bucking trees off of houses in October to helping folks understand the changes to their land this Spring, EcoForesters’ staff has been extremely busy. But there is a lurking problem about to rear its head from the soils beneath. Populations of non-native invasive plants in our mountain region have been dormant in the topsoil, waiting for some sunshine and newly found real estate. Now that there is plenty of “free real estate” amongst the fallen trees, aggressive non-native invasive plants (NNIS) will be quick to set up shop and make themselves at home. 

Many folks have heard that NNIS are quicker to grow and quicker to spread vs. our native plant fellows. These misplaced plants inhibit native plant regeneration, provide minimal ecological value, and they often degrade our region’s biodiversity. One of the main ways they  spread is through disturbed bare soils, so if they were established prior to the hurricane, they will thrive after the hurricane. Now that it is early Spring, a lot of the non-native invasive plants have started to leaf out before plants native to southern Appalachia- making identification and treatment much easier.

EcoForesters has been moving quickly to help educate folks with post storm steps, such as how to identify and treat NNIS, where to find native plants, how to manage their bare soil, and disseminate information about funding to help in stewarding their land. Both of our forest restoration crews have been working tirelessly to accomplish the boots on the ground work within the community. This includes the important tasks of forest stand improvement and habitat restoration, in addition to clearing out access roads and trails.

The Southern Appalachians have been dealt a bad hand from this storm, but for the sake of optimism, let’s reframe it as a blank slate. There is now plenty of bare soil that has given folks a chance to steward the land with intention and mindfulness that can last generations. Thankfully, there are many organizations and community members that can lend a hand and share resources. It is disheartening to see the changes to our land from something that was beyond our control; thankfully, nature is resilient and can heal with a little help. With Spring comes a new opportunity to see what germinates – our natives will come back and we have to act as shepherds towards our natural ecosystems. In the scope of forestry, we’re playing the long game, so let’s plant natives, revive the soil and soul, and start the next chapter for our forests through diligent removal of NNIS.